Upgrade to new release Fedora 16 (Verne)

To upgrade latest version of the Fedora Linux operating system simple process is here which provide update from the older versions of Fedora to Fedora 16

Open the Terminal and install the tool preupgrade by 

        

    yum -y install preupgrade

After installing this tool start it from terminal by using this command 

   preupgrade

then simply follow the instruction

Apply

Forward

After click Forward tool will download the required metadata for upgrade to Fedora 16,

after this reboot the system and complete the installation.

Njoy Fedora 16(VERNE)

Install Linux and Windows together

Install Fedora and Windows on the same machine 

For those who are using windows and wants to move to Linux, and also for those who wants to make a dual boot, the first question that arises is "can we install windows and linux together" and the answer is YES, you can install linux and windows on the same machine, we call it "Dual Boot". 
The steps for making the machine dual boot is given below, remember one thing, install windows first and then install linux to avoid trouble.


First you need to understand the some basic terms about the file system


    In an hard disk you can only make 4 primary partition (extended partition is included and treated as a primary partition, the partitions inside the exteneded partitions are excluded) So there is an option of a primary and extended partition.


    Windows only understand the NTFS and FAT partition while Linux understand all the partition (you can create a extX partition and put your data there so that others can not see it on windows and you will get a secure partition).


    For installing the Linux, Linux need some specific partition(swap, ext4 with mount point / and /boot).


Now after understanding this terms, time to start the Installation before this you need the Windows CD/DVD and the Linux CD/DVD to install the OS on your machine.


For the Fresh hard disk installation


Firstly install the windows in your machine, during the partition time just create the one partition of NTFS with the minimum drive size as per your windows version


Windows 98/XP 7 GB


Windows vista 10 GB


Windows 7 13 GB


And specially don't do any other partition here.




Now time to install the Linux with your Windows, so we take the example of Ubuntu or Fedora


nearly all the Linux contain the same type of partition table


Boot the System with the boot-able media of Ubuntu or Fedora


and at the time of partition (i.e. In partition table) seems one NTFS partition of windows and the rest is allocated space, follow the steps mention here


    Make the whole space Extended


    Now make the partion in extended space


    1 Partition Type swap with 1 GB(40% of your RAM size)


    2 Next one partition Type ext4 and the Mount Point /boot and the size will be 500 MB (if you are installing your third os after installing windows and linux then you can skip the step of formating the boot partition just use it as it is)


    3 And the third one is also the Ext4 type but with the mount type / with size minimum 20 GB space.


    And in the rest of space make the partion as per your wish but with the type NTFS because if you use something else it will not be accessible in Windows


    Complete the Installation process and Njoy the windows and Linux on the same machine.


    For switching between the windows and Linux, when you start your machine select the as per your required OS form the boot loader.
And Njoy your OS.

Change the GRUB Menu Timeout on Fedora 14, Fedora 15

Change the GRUB Menu Timeout on Fedora 14, Fedora 15

When your system boots, you will see the GRUB menu, or if you’ve enabled the menu to show by default. The only issue for this is that the default timeout. So you may want to change this timeout. Increase or Decrease the time,both are simple.

Open up the /boot/grub/grub.conf file in any text editor. For this you need Super User Permission
i am using Gedit

   #gedit /boot/grub/grub.conf

Now find the section:

    timeout=0

and now replace the 0. The timeout value is in seconds so replace it some other value
as i want it for 5 seconds, so i used

     timeout=5

And save the file, and when you reboot you will have that many seconds to choose the menu item you want.

3 Good Games For Linux

 Three open source games for Linux , I installed the games on Fedora and I Njoyed all,
I liked Supertux perhaps because it is similar to super mario one my favorite games on Video Games, the rest of two games are nice ones also with good graphics.
SuperTux
SuperTux is a classic 2D jump'n run sidescroller game in a style. The game was inspiried by the Nintendo Super Mario Series. The Milestone 1 release of SuperTux features: 9 enemies 26 playable levels Software and OpenGL rendering modes configurable joystick and keyboard input new music completely redone graphics. And it is also a crossplatform.

I tested this game, is funny almost the same as Super mario game
For CentOS & Fedora

                       #yum install supertux

Pingus
Pingus is a free computergame inspired by Lemmings and Created by Ingo Ruhnke.
In this TUX(penguin) instead of lemmings.

For CentOS & Fedora

                        #yum install pingus

Wormux

WarMUX is a free and open-source game. Have the mascots of your favorite free software titles battle it out in the Wormux arena using dynamite, grenades, baseball bats and other bazookas... Exterminate your opponent in a 2D environment with toon-style scenery.
For CentOS & Fedora

                       #yum install wormux

IM Chat Clients Mostly Used

 IM Chat Clients Mostly Used on Fedora

An instant messaging client is a software application 

that enables the user to engage in instant messaging.

Many IM chat clients available to use, but which one is the best choice for you. Basically most of them do the same job for me i usually use Pidgin my favorite one. many IM clients supporting connecting to multiple networks accounts “Hotmail, yahoo, facebook, irc, gmail, ICQ, AIM, myspace, Japper, even more with adding custom API”

1. Pidgin
2. Empathy
3. qutIM
4. Skype
   
5. emesene
6. PSI IM
   To install any chat client you have to download it from its web site or you can install it through yum on fedora by respective steps
   First you need to Super User (as Root)
   For pidgin
              #yum -y install pidgin
   
   For empathy
              #yum -y install empathy
   
   For  Emesene
             #yum -y install emesene
   
   For PSI
            #yum install psi
   
   
   After Installing any of the chat client 
   Njoy the Instant Messaging
   
   

High level language and Low level Computer language

Difference between high level language and low level language

High level languages allow much more abstraction than low level languages. This allows algorithms and functions to be written without requiring detailed knowledge of the hardware used in the computing platform. The compiler provides this interface transparently for the programmer.
 

Examples of high level languages include C, C++, Java, etc.

Low level languages will require more involvement with the actual register and interrupt interfaces to the hardware. This can provide more control and efficiency for the program and can be good for applications which need high speed execution, but high level compilers are much better at optimizing for speed now.


Examples of low level languages include machine language specific to each processor and assembly language specific to each processor.

Source(s):

BSEE and MSEE

Customizing the splash image in Bootloader

Customizing the splash image in Bootloader

The splash image is the image shown in the background when GRUB (the Grub Shell) is displaying the list of operating systems you can boot.
Normally, this is the corporate logo of your Linux distribution. But its very simple to customize it to an image of your choice.
All you need is the GIMP and gzip.
For this you have to follow the simple steps
firsty you need root access and follow the simple steps

1)Start the GIMP.

2)Click on File->New or type Ctrl+N

3)In the new image dialog, change Width to 640 pixels and Height to 480                  pixels. (The image should be of size 640x480 pixels.) Now click OK.

4)Create the image which you would like to be the splash image.

5)After you have finished creating the image,
    hit Alt+i or right click on the image and click on Image->Mode->Indexed...

6)In the Indexed Color Conversion dialog that appears,
    click on the radio button "Generate optimal Palette" and
     in "# of colors" enter 14. Click OK.(The image should be of only 14 colors)

7)Now right-click on the image and click on File->Save As...
     Save the file as  splash.xpm in a directory of your choice.

8)Now open a terminal window and navigate to the directory where you have
     saved splash.xpm

9)Now key in gzip splash.xpm

10)You will find that a file named splash.xpm.gz is created in the directory
     where splash.xpm used to exist.

11)Copy this splash.xpm.gz to the /boot/grub directory.
     You may want to back up the pre-existing splash.xpm.gz file in
      the /boot/grub directory first.

That's it! When you reboot, you will find your image in the background, with the menu of operating systems etc. in the foreground.
Njoy

Change Login Screen On Fedora 14

I’ve been doing some tweaks on the machine I set up with Fedora 14 (Laughlin) using Gnome. Things were OK until I decided to change the login screen image. I did a Google search and found a solution that didn’t work for me. I have also read from forums that there was no way to change the image unlike the earlier versions of Fedora. I then had this idea of finding the image used as the login screen background and overwriting it with my preferred image. 

So I checked the “/usr/share/backgrounds/” directory and found a “laughlin” folder. Inside it is a folder named “default” that contains three other folders named normalish, standard, and wide and a laughlin.xml file. The three folders contained the default login screen image.

If you open the xml file with a text editor, you’ll notice that a part of it specifies the path of the Laughlin wallpaper. Wide, Normalish, and Standard specifies the image dimensions. And using this xml file, we can change the login screen image.

                                             Laughlin XML File

Here’s what I did. First, I edited my image three times using the specified dimensions (this is optional) and saved them as PNG files. I then copied them to the three folders with respect to their dimensions.

Firstly go to super User and then follow the steps as per your need 

# cp /current/file/location/filename1.png /usr/share/backgrounds/laughlin/default/wide/

# cp /current/file/location/filename2.png /usr/share/backgrounds/laughlin/default/standard/

# cp /current/file/location/filename3.png /usr/share/backgrounds/laughlin/default/normalish/

Using vi, edit laughlin.xml and replace the filenames and save the file. See image below.

Edited Laughlin XML File

I logged off and there was my new login screen. 

Njoy the New login background

Create a Yum Repository from ISO Images

For installing the packages from DVD after installing the Fedora from the Live Disk

You have to make local repository to list the packages on terminal through yum with offline mode

It means you don't need internet connection for installing the packages on installed fedora if you have Complete fedora DVD iso image 

Now you have to follow simple steps

1. Open the Terminal and go to the Super User by

       $ su

2. Make the backup of your repositories by

       # cp /etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo /home/________________ 

                                                                                 // Choose your suitable path

3. Delete or disable all the repos from the yum.repos.d

for delete

      #rm /etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo

4.Follow these commands

    make folder in /media by

          #mkdir /media/fed

          #cd /media/fed

5. Now mount fedora DVD and copy the whole content into this folder

          #cp -r * /media/fed

Note: check that all the files from the DVD is copied into /media/fed/ folder. If not then do it other wise it shows error

6.Now make the repo by

    #gedit /etc/yum.repos.d/fed.repo

Now Copy & Paste this in file fed.repo

[fed]

name=Fedora 13 DVD

baseurl=file:///media/fed/

enabled=1

save and close it

7. Now follow this

          #yum clean all

     #yum grouplist

Now you see the packages list on the terminal

so try to install packages in group by

     #yum groupinstall groupname

Njoy the offline installation on fedora with Yellowdog Updater Modified(yum)